International Research Funding Circular – 02 May 2025

Please see the latest European and International research funding information, event and opportunity updates.

News

1. NEW: IMPORTANT: Pre-publication of Horizon Europe Work Programme 2025: https://www.ukro.ac.uk/news/pre-publication-of-horizon-europe-work-programme-2025/

The Horizon Europe Work Programmes 2025 have been pre-published, subject to being adopted and endorsed by the European Commission. These work programmes list the call topics to be launched in the near future including the funding opportunities for EU consortia across all six clusters (Health, Culture, Security, Digital/Industry, Climate/Energy/Mobility, Food/Agriculture/Bioeconomy) and the EU missions (Climate change, Cancer, Oceans/Water, Cities, Soil​). Please browse the work programmes for opportunities of relevance to you and start engaging with you EU contacts/networks. Please note we have a NU Horizon Europe Travel Fund to support Newcastle staff travel (before the end of July) to engage with partners for these calls.

2. NEW: UK-Japan Memorandum of Cooperation on quantum science and technology: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-japan-memorandum-of-cooperation-on-quantum-science-and-technology

The UK Department of Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) and the Cabinet Office of Japan have signed a memorandum of cooperation on quantum science and technology to strengthen ties between academia and the private sector. The agreement aims to drive innovation, increase investment and improve national security.

3. NEW: Ambassadors for the ERC network launched: https://www.ukro.ac.uk/news/ambassadors-for-the-erc-network-launched/

The European Research Council (ERC) and the Association of ERC Grantees (AERG) launched the new Ambassadors for the ERC network on 28 April 2025. This joint initiative aims to promote investment in frontier research and highlight the importance of research by explaining how it benefits the economy and society.

4. NEW: Choose France for Science: Platform Launched for French Organisations to Host Foreign Researchers: https://www.campusfrance.org/en/actu/lancement-de-la-plateforme-choose-france-for-science-pour-l-accueil-de-chercheurs-internationaux

As part of the France 2030 investment plan, the French Government has entrusted ANR with the operation of the Choose France for Science platform, which enables universities, schools and research organisations to apply for co-funding to host international researchers. The initiative was established to address an international context that has created the conditions for an unprecedented wave of mobility among researchers worldwide.

Events

5. NEW: N8 ERC Lunchtime Webinar Series – ERC Advanced Grant – Life Sciences: https://newcastle.sharepoint.com/hub/rai/rfd/news/Pages/N8ERCseries.aspx

Please join us for the first in our new series that will start with the ERC Advanced Grant – Life Sciences, Wednesday 7th May 2025, 12:15-1:00pm. Presenters will be Professor Richard Bardgett (Lancaster) and Professor Ben J Hatchwell (Sheffield) who will speak about their experience of receiving the grant. Please note that will this webinar is from life sciences awardees, the information will be relevant across disciplines so join if you are considering applying to any ERC Advanced Grant. Future webinars will also cover Physical Sciences & Engineering and Social Sciences & Humanities.

6. REMINDER: NE university info sessions on Horizon Europe 2025 consortia calls

  • Cluster 1, Health: 06 June 2025, 09:30-12:00 (in-person @Newcastle University), STB. G.006

We will be joined by the NCP Tristan Fancourt who will start with an overview of the recently published call topics and other Horizon Europe health opportunities such as the Cancer mission. In the second part of the session, successful awardees will discuss their experience with Q&A.

  • Cluster 5: Climate, Energy and Mobility: 16 May 2025, 13:00-15:00 (online only)

You will hear expert advice on the forthcoming calls from all three NCPs for this large cluster including Cinzia Porcedda (climate), Conall McGinley (energy) and Louise Mothersole (mobility). In the second part of the session you will receive advice on proposal writing covering: a) How to read the topic; b) How to develop your proposal; c) How to submit your proposal.

We look forward to you joining us, all welcome. Please register your attendance using this form: https://forms.office.com/e/jx9gAMeMSN

Additionally:

Cluster 1, Health Consortium Drop-In Session, Health: 06 June, 14:00-16:00, Stephenson Building STB.2.016.

These one-to-one 20 minute drop-in sessions are aimed at colleagues interested in applying for Cluster 1: Health consortium calls to discuss plans and considerations with UK National Contact Point for Health, Tristan Fancourt. Please register you attendance here:  https://forms.office.com/e/sviVgKVMYm and sarah.urquhart@newcastle.ac.uk will arrange a slot for you.

7. REMINDER: MCSA Doctoral Networks Open forum: 12-1pm on 15 May 2025

Location: Henry-Daysh Building, HDB.6.19 PGR Learning Lab, Level 6

An open forum to gather colleagues with an interest in MSCA Doctoral Networks to discuss prior experiences, questions, and hear the insights from an awardee and member of an evaluation panel. Please register your attendance: https://forms.office.com/e/EL00khjhNf

8. Horizon Europe info days by European Commission (mostly online)

European related funding

 

9. NEW: Horizon Europe – Work Programmes 2025 pre-published

The European Commission have pre-published the Horizon Europe Work Programmes for 2025, listed below. In terms of UK applicable exclusions in 2025 calls these have been significantly reduced mainly in the Cluster 4 areas of quantum and space, however a small number of exclusions still apply in the space part of the programme.

Pillar 1:

Pillar 2 clusters:

Cross-cutting areas:

Further information, including General Annexes, can be found on the EC’s website: Horizon Europe work programmes – European Commission

 

10. REMINDER: NU Horizon Europe Travel Fund:

The purpose of the Horizon Europe travel fund is to support the development of proposals to Horizon Europe funding opportunities. Awards will be made to cover the basic costs of travel and subsistence (typically ~£500-2000) of Newcastle University staff members to meet with EU partners—we request that funds are spent no later than 18th July 2025 (to enable year-end accounting). It is the applicant’s responsibility to arrange travel bookings. Please complete the travel request form: https://forms.office.com/e/xu0FZ65dif . We will return a decision to you asap, typically within five working days. Should you have any queries, please email sarah.urquhart@newcastle.ac.uk

 

11. NEW: Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change Risks (IRISCC) Open Access Calls: https://www.iriscc.eu/open-calls

Integrated Research Infrastructure Services for Climate Change Risks (IRISCC) is an Horizon Europe-funded project designed to empower society to understand, predict and build resilience to climate change risks by providing access to innovative research infrastructure (RI) services. As part of its activities, IRISCC provides sponsored access to cutting-edge climate research services, facilities, and data through Transnational (physical, remote, and hybrid) and Virtual Access through a series of calls running from 2025-28. The calls will support high-impact research addressing key topics such as ecosystem resilience, climate-driven health risks, water management, and food systems. Successful applicants will be granted full access to IRISCC services, installations, and data. Travel and subsistence of up to €2,000 per proposal are available. Deadline 30 June 2025.

 

12. Instruct-ERIC Launches Industry Co-Fund R&D Call https://instruct-eric.org/submit-call/2025-instruct-eric-industry-co-fund-rd-call

Instruct-ERIC has launched the Industry Co-Fund R&D Call to further develop the relationships between Instruct scientists/Centres and industrial partners. Potential activities include the development of processing software for structural biology techniques, the adaptation/optimisation of instruments for novel applications, the generation of proof-of-concept data in high-impact contexts, and solutions to current experimental issues affecting structural biologists. Up to two pilot projects may be funded up to a maximum of €30,000 each. Deadline: 23 September 2025.

 

13. EPAA Launches 2025 Call for 3Rs Prize Recognising Excellence in Animal Testing Refinement https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/calls-expression-interest/epaa-refinement-prize-2025_en

The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) Awards recognise and promote outstanding work by individuals and teams deemed to have made outstanding contributions to the development and implementation of alternatives to animal testing. Two prizes are available, one for scientists (3Rs Science Prize) and one for laboratory technicians (3Rs Refinement Prize), which are both presented every other year. The 2025 call for submissions is for the 3Rs Refinement Prize. For the 3Rs Refinement Prize, the prize consists of a monetary award of €6,000. Deadline: 1 September 2025.

 

14. Fourth SNS JU Call to Open in May 2025 https://smart-networks.europa.eu/

For the fourth Call, a total of €104 million of funding is available across nine topics. Retained projects from this Call will support research and innovation activities through two complementary streams:

  1. Stream B: Advanced research for revolutionary and evolutionary technology advancements, including Topics on 6G Disruptive Technologies.
  2. Stream C: Development of a 6G Telco Cloud and service platform experimental infrastructure.

Potential applicants will have the opportunity to learn more and ask questions at an Information Day on 23 May 2025. They can also share their ideas and find partners by attending the SNS brokerage event that will take place on 23 May 2025 and by joining the SNS brokerage platform. Deadline:  18 September 2025

 

15. Clean Energy Transition (CET) European Partnership Joint Call 2025 Pre-Announcement https://cetpartnership.eu/calls/joint-call-2025

The CETPartnership is a transnational initiative (one of the co-funded European Partnerships in Horizon Europe (under Pillar 2, Cluster 5: Climate, Energy and Mobility)) on joint research, development and Innovation (RDI) programming to boost and accelerate the energy transition, building upon regional Stage One of the application process is expected to open on 11 June 2025 and have closing date for pre-proposals of 9 October 2025 (14:00 CEST).The CETPartnership plans to hold a Joint Call 2025 information event on 28 May 2025 and a Q&A session in September 2025.

 

16. Twinning with Ukraine in Water & Environmental Engineering research https://www.ncl.ac.uk/who-we-are/war-in-ukraine/#V2F5cyUyMHlvdSUyMGNhbiUyMGhlbHA=

Newcastle University currently has a strategic five year partnership with National University of Water and Environmental Engineering (NUWEE) in Ukraine, spanning a wide range of research areas. Where appropriate, please consider including our Ukrainian colleagues as partners in your European project proposals. Please contact Ukraine_twinning@ncl.ac.uk for further information.

 

17. €250,000 Heinrich Wieland Prize for Frontier Research in the Life Sciences Now Accepting Nominations https://boehringer-ingelheim-stiftung.de/en/scientific-awards/heinrich-wieland-prize/nomination.html

The focus of the award is on discoveries that deep the understanding of life on earth and pave the way for new medical breakthroughs. This includes research contributions from basic research in chemistry, biochemistry, and the physiology of biologically active molecules and systems, as well as their clinical importance. Eligible for nominations are outstanding scientists in the fields of biochemistry, biology, chemistry, and physiology worldwide. The prize consists of a monetary award of €250,000. Nominations must be submitted by the deadline of 1 June 2025.

 

18. COST Teatime Action Calls to Improve Animal Behaviour Research https://www.cost-teatime.org/grants/

The COST TEATIME consortium brings together researchers to improve how animal behaviour research is performed, specifically by improving biomedical research by automated behaviour monitoring in the animal home-cage. The consortium will investigate ways to develop the use of 24/7 monitoring using methods, including videos and tracking of small sensor-implanted animals in their home-cages, to describe their behaviour, reducing the need to remove animals for short-term testing in unfamiliar environments. Deadline: 8 August 2025

 

19. MSCA Staff Exchanges 2025: https://marie-sklodowska-curie-actions.ec.europa.eu/actions/staff-exchanges

The Staff Exchanges action funds short-term international and inter-sectoral exchanges of staff members involved in research and innovation activities of participating organisations. The aim is to develop sustainable collaborative projects between different organisations from the academic and non-academic sectors (in particular SMEs), based in Europe and beyond. Exchanged staff benefit from new knowledge, skills and career development perspectives, while participating organisations increase their research and innovation capacities. Staff Exchanges are open to international consortia of universities, research institutions, businesses, SMEs and other non-academic organisations. Deadline 8 October 2025.

20. UPDATED: Horizon Europe Draft 2026-27 Work Programmes

Leaks to early states of the Horizon Europe 2026-27 Work Programmes are published by Science Business news are pasted below. Please note the drafts are subject to redrafting and change, but may help indicate potential call topics to start to find partners and build European country consortia.

 2026-27 Work Programmes

 

Note, one may request funds from the NU Horizon Europe Travel Fund (see below) to support development of partnerships towards any of these calls.

 

21. Circular Bio-based Europe Joint Undertaking: https://www.cbe.europa.eu/open-calls-proposals

The mission of CBE JU is to advance a competitive bioeconomy for a sustainable Europe. To achieve this goal, the public-private partnership is funding projects developing innovative and sustainable bio-based solutions, with a focus on these strategic priorities: feedstock, processing, products, as well as cross-cutting aspects of communication and environmental sustainability. The CBE JU 2025 call for project proposals will open for submission on 4 April 2025 with foreseen deadline of 17 September 2025. Meanwhile, you can already prepare your proposal based on the call topic text published in the CBE JU Annual Work Programme 2025.

 

22. European Innovation Council Pathfinder Challenges 2025: https://eic.ec.europa.eu/eic-funding-opportunities/eic-pathfinder/eic-pathfinder-challenges-2025_en

The EIC Pathfinder enables multidisciplinary research teams to develop the scientific basis to underpin breakthrough technologies. This route supports early stage development of future technologies up to proof of concept. The EIC Pathfinder Challenges topics for 2025 (deadline 29 October 2025) are:

  • Biotech for Climate Resilient Crops and Plant-Based Biomanufacturing
  • Generative-AI based Agents to Revolutionize Medical Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
  • Towards autonomous robot collectives delivering collaborative tasks in dynamic unstructured construction environments
  • Waste-to-value devices: Circular production of renewable fuels, chemicals and materials

23.  MSCA COFUND Doctoral/Postdoctoral Fellowships: https://marie-sklodowska-curie-actions.ec.europa.eu/news/msca-opens-eu1018m-call-to-co-fund-doctoral-and-postdoctoral-programmes

Marie Sklodowska-Curie actions (MSCA) applications are now being accepted under the co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND) scheme, which provides funding for regional, national and international programmes for training and career development through co-funding mechanisms. The programme supports new or existing doctoral programmes and postdoctoral fellowship schemes managed by entities established in EU Member States or Horizon Europe Associated Countries with the aim of spreading the best practices of the MSCA. This includes international, inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary research training, as well as international and cross-sectoral mobility of researchers at all stages of their career. COFUND projects should last for up to five years and should recruit at least three researchers. MSCA are open to all domains of research and innovation. Any type of organisation can apply as long as they have the operational and financial capacity to carry out the tasks they propose. The budget for the 2025 call is €101.82 million. A beneficiary can receive a maximum of €10 million per call. COFUND funding helps host organisations cover for each supported researcher with a fixed amount (COFUND allowance) equivalent to the minimum salary that researchers should receive. This allowance can be used to support any cost items of the programme. Deadline 24 June 2025.

 

24.  Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking 2025 calls

Europe’s Rail Joint Undertaking has published its 2025/26 Biannual Work Programme and this includes the 2025 Calls for Proposals (Annex VI, page 141 onward). There is €138.7m available across 10 Topics, nine of which have a planned opening date of October this year with a proposal submission deadline of February 2026.

 

25.  COST Actions Networking Grants 2025: https://www.cost.eu/funding/open-call-a-simple-one-step-application-process/

COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is an intergovernmental framework for European Cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research, including social science and humanities. COST does not fund research itself, but funds the expenses of interdisciplinary research networks called COST Actions (networks that engage a team of proposers from at least 7 COST member countries with at least half from inclusiveness target countries). These support a range of networking tools, such as workshops, conferences, training schools, short-term scientific missions (STSMs), communication activities, and virtual networking tools. COST Actions enable researchers from academia, SMEs, public institutions and other relevant organisations to investigate a topic of their choice for four years. No budget forecast is requested when submitting a proposal. An estimated €125,000 is made available for a COST Action in its first year and an average of €150,000 per year for the other three years. Deadline is 21 October 2025.

 

 

Official development assistance (ODA) related funding

 

26. NIHR Global Health Research March update:

NIHR is pausing the Global Health Research calls while they understand the impact to the Global Health Research Programme’s funding from the Prime Minister’s announcement to temporarily reduce Official Development Assistance (ODA) to the equivalent of 0.3% of GNI by 2027.  Further information will be supplied as soon as it is available.

27. Wellcome Mental Health Award: Leveraging longitudinal data to transform early intervention in mental health: https://wellcome.org/grant-funding/schemes/mental-health-award-leveraging-longitudinal-data-transform-early-intervention

We are funding experts to unlock the potential of longitudinal datasets and develop innovative ways of identifying anxiety, depression and/or psychosis early. Successful teams will integrate cutting-edge analytics of longitudinal data with experimental research so that, in time, people may benefit from better targeted early interventions. Funding of £1-5 million per project is available over 3-5 years. Research with LMICs is encouraged. Information webinar on 7 May, with scope check deadline of 8 July and application deadline of 22 July 2025.

28. PTES Grants Open for Endangered Species Research in the UK, UK Overseas Territories and LMICs: https://ptes.org/grants/apply-grant/

The People’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) is a UK registered charity founded on the objective of ensuring a future for many endangered wildlife species throughout the world. PTES Worldwide Conservation Insight Grants offer funding for research or conservation projects focusing on endangered species around the world. Funds are awarded for work that aims to generate the scientific evidence that will facilitate the conservation of a species. The evidence may include testing a conservation intervention to address a particular threat or answering a key conservation question that will enable conservationists to undertake critical conservation action. Priority is given to native project leaders working in their own country, rather than UK or other nationals working abroad. Preference will be given to applicants who have a proven, successful history working on the species and/or in that region. Grants are between £3,000 and £10,000 per annum up to a maximum total of £20,000 over two years. Pre-applications deadline of 29 May 2025.

 

General international

 

29. NEW: Eric Kandel Young Neuroscientists Prize: https://www.ghst.de/en/kandelprize

The prize recognises the work of outstanding young scientists in the field of neuroscience and helps advance their careers as researchers. The prize includes the Prize money of € 50,000 for personal use, a research funding of € 50,000 and the invitation to give the Eric Kandel Prize Lecture at the FENS Forum 2026 in Barcelona. All European neuroscientists under the age of 40, who have demonstrated outstanding and independent scientific creativity and productivity, as documented by multiple and excellent publications in leading scientific journals, are eligible. The age limit may be extended for specific circumstances such as maternity and paternity leave (max. 2 years per child). Nomination deadline 24 July 2025.

 

30. NEW: BrightFocus Foundation 2025 Macular Degeneration Research Programme: https://www.brightfocus.org/about/for-scientists/apply-for-a-research-grant/macular-degeneration-research-request-for-proposals/

The Macular Degeneration Research call for proposals supports research into the causes and potential prevention strategies and treatments of macular degeneration disease. Researchers from around the world are eligible for this funding. The programme offers the following types of awards: Postdoctoral Fellowship Awards – $100,000 per year for two years. New Investigator Grant Program in Macular Degeneration Research – $150,000 per year for up to three years. Innovative Research Grants in Macular Degeneration Research – $200,000 per year for up to three years. Grants may be used to cover the costs of personnel, supplies, equipment, contractual services and travel. Any other expenses must be itemised by category. Letters of Intent must be submitted by 17 July 2025.

 

31. NEW: British Academy, Cara and Leverhulme Trust Researchers at Risk Research Support Grants: https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/funding/british-academy-cara-leverhulme-researchers-at-risk-research-support-grants/

The British Academy, in partnership with Cara and the Leverhulme Trust, is offering the Researchers at Risk Research Support Grants to provide research support for researchers at risk. The Leverhulme Trust is providing funding of £1 million over five years targeted at providing research support for researchers at risk. Grants are available to support research project activities for eligible researchers in all disciplines except medical and health sciences. Grants are open to: • Existing award-holders through Cara’s Fellowship Programme. • Applicants to Cara’s Fellowship Programme who have been deemed eligible for support and for whom a placement is being sought (awards will only be paid once the placement is secured).              • Existing award holders through the British Academy’s Researchers at Risk Fellowship Programme. Funding of between £2,000 and £10,000 is available. Deadline 28 May 2025.

 

32. Michael J Fox Foundation Opens Global Fellowship to Meet Rising Need for Parkinson’s Movement Disorder Specialists https://www.michaeljfox.org/grant/edmond-j-safra-fellowship-movement-disorders

The Edmond J. Safra Fellowship in Movement Disorders is open to academic centers worldwide. Funding is open to established movement disorder centres worldwide to support the training of promising MD or MD/PhD fellowship applicants. The centres must have the capacity to identify and train new movement disorder fellows over a two-year period. Grants are available to cover 10 two-year fellowships. Each fellow is eligible for $180,000 in total. Funding can cover the fellow’s stipend, benefits, travel allowance, coursework, conferences, and other relevant educational and training opportunities. Deadline: 4 December 2025

33. May Opening Date for 2025 HFG Distinguished Scholars Programme for Research on Violence https://live-harryfrankguggenheim.pantheonsite.io/distinguished-scholars/

The Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation (HFG) is a US-based non-profit organisation that supports research to increase understanding of the causes, manifestations, and control of violence in the modern world. The Foundation provides funding in the form of research grants to encourage the development of scholars in fields relating to the study of violence. There are no nationality or citizen restrictions on who can apply. There are no formal degree requirements although, most recipients hold a PhD, MD or equivalent and are college or university professors.

Awards are normally in the range of $15,000 to $45,000 for one or two years. Deadline: 1 August 2025.

34. UK-Japan Civil Nuclear Research Programme Launches 11th Call https://www.ukri.org/opportunity/uk-japan-civil-nuclear-research-programme-2025/

Apply for funding for research into accelerating and advancing nuclear science including decommissioning relevant to Fukushima and Sellafield. This programme aims to support one to two projects. Projects can be up to £593,750 at 100% full economic cost (FEC). Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) will fund 80% of the FEC to £475,000. Projects must start as close as possible to their Japanese counterparts and will have a duration of up to 36 months. Award range £250,000 – £475,000. Deadline: 12 June 2025.

 

35. Michelson Prizes: Next Generation Grants Open to Applications https://www.humanimmunomeproject.org/our-work/research-grants/

Research projects are sought that seek to tackle the current roadblocks that exist in human vaccine development and expand understanding of key immune processes that are fundamental to successful vaccine and immunotherapy development. The scheme is open to early career investigators working to advance human immunology, vaccine discovery and immunotherapy research for major global diseases. Applicants must be 35 or younger at the time of application submission. Applicants can be based in any country. Grants of $150,000 are available for up to one year. Deadline: 22 June 2025.

 

36. Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation (GBSF) grant funding: http://www.gbsf.org.uk/grants/overview/

The Foundation’s aim is to develop good relations between the United Kingdom and Japan by advancing the education of the people of both nations in each other’s culture, society and achievements. It seeks to promote mutual understanding and cooperation through financial support for activities in the following fields: • Arts and Culture • Humanities and Social Issues • Japanese Language • Medicine and Health • Science, Technology and Environment • Sport • Youth and Education. The Foundation’s awards are intended to provide “pump-priming” and not core funding of projects. Standard travel grants between the UK and Japan are £2,000, and up to £2,500 for visits of more than two weeks. This also includes travel for PhD students from UK universities wishing to visit Japan for dissertation research or to complete fieldwork. Applications for longer-term fieldwork of six months or more in Japan can be considered, with grants of up to £5,000. The UK office holds three annual awards meetings, with remaining application deadlines on 15th September and 15th December.

37. Australia-UK platform studies in areas of unmet clinical need: https://www.nihr.ac.uk/funding/australia-uk-platform-studies-areas-unmet-clinical-need/97018

The Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) Australia, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia and National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) UK are inviting applications for ambitious platform studies in areas of unmet medical need. The platform must be internationally collaborative, with joint leads based in Australia and the United Kingdom. The total funding is $30m AUD (equivalent to £15.5m GBP) up to 1 to 3 platforms over up to 7 years. The Australian components can each receive up to $5m AUD per platform, while the UK component can receive up to £7.8m GBP (around £2.6m per award). Stage one application deadline 23 July 2025.

 

Project Initiation Form (PIF): https://www.cognitoforms.com/NewcastleUniversity1/NewcastleUniversityNuTHProjectInitiationFormV2

If you’re in the process of developing a research proposal please ensure you submit a PIF as soon as possible. The PIF is not just a mechanism to initiate a costing, it enables the research support team to identify and engage on your behalf the varying types of research and business support beneficial to your bid. Please note you don’t need to define all resources required before engaging with the team. To maximise the support available to you, PIF submission is advised at your earliest convenience.

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